Table 1 Key primary question elements following the PICO structure

POPULATION (P)

Riparian habitats in tropical regions globally

INTERVENTION (I)

Restoration approaches (i.e., passive, or active interventions /engineered interventions or nature-based interventions)

COMPARATOR (C)

Before and after intervention at the study site or restored sites versus unrestored sites

OUTCOME (O)

Measurable indicator of biodiversity such as species richness, species abundance, a population change of a selected indicator species

Measurable indicator of human well-being in the context of material wealth, health, and security, such as water quality, pollinator quantity or diversity, crop quality and quantity, soil quality