Fig. 4

Boxplot of electivity values per grazer species and combination of grazer species. The figure shows electivity for improved areas in (semi-)natural pastures for each animal/animal combination with the measured outcome (general, grazing, resting, urination/defaecation) for each year with data from the included studies. The total number of studies is shown in brackets. Animal combinations are shown as the target species (for which the data relates to) first, and the other species listed after (i.e. if herd type = mixed). Electivity values > 0 indicate a preference for the improved area, and values < 0 indicate an avoidance of the improved area (values may in theory range from − 1 to + 1)