Table 2 Eligibility criteria for Map 2

Eligible population

Same as in Map 1

Eligible exposure

Existence of biodiversity (e.g., species richness, abundance, composition, and density) and mediated functionality (i.e., ecosystem services/disservices) in agroecosystems

Eligible comparator

Spatial comparator includes agroecosystems across different spatial locations. Within the group of exposures, the comparators were agroecosystems without, or with (either less or more) biodiversity mediating functionality. Temporal comparators involved comparing exposures at different points in time. Label ‘studies with other types of comparators’ were coded for studies that have a comparator but not the comparator within the group of exposure type we initially defined as eligibility criteria

Eligible outcome

Changes in tropical agricultural production base (i.e., availability of edaphic and climatic factors and availability and suitability of crop varieties) and agroecosystem management suitability (i.e., management of soil, water, pest, and crop diversification)

Eligible study types

Same as in Map 1