Fig. 1

Conceptual alignment and overlap between different approaches, concepts, and frameworks for nature-based interventions for addressing climate change. This is a heuristic representation of how different concepts overlap, and is not indicative of breadth of scope. Natural habitats consist of areas where human activity has not essentially modified functions or composition (e.g. primary forest, streams, and wetlands). Modified habitats consist of areas where human activity has substantially modified ecological functions and/or species composition (e.g. agricultural lands, forestry lands) [14]. Urban habitats consist of natural ecosystems and nature-based features in and around urban areas [15]